Most likely not deleted, but close enough that it is unreadable (and very badly at that).
You will need to find a way to fix the the partition structure. Perhaps someone here can direct you towards a good program which can restore such a badly damaged storage volume.
I suggest using a decent disk utility to find out if your drive is physically good or not before you continue to spend effort towards getting your data back. You can find such utilities here:
https://www.techspot.com/vb/showthread.php?s=&threadid=7602
If your disk is physically bad, it is possible to recover bad sectors with HDD Regen ($30) and there is a small chance that it may fix your partition when it recovers these sectors.
If you do not have bad sectors, then your problem is due to software (perhaps a virus, or Windows choked on itself etc..), or bad hardware (memory, IDE cable, motherboard...). It is more likely to be software than hardware, however.
You can use a data recovery tool to recover lost files. Many good data recovery utilites ignore the partition table and search for files by reading the raw data of your drive. The odds of getting anything back larger than a word document or picture is usually not in your favor though. But may be worth a shot if your data is really important to you. They are available for DOS and Windows.
Also, you'll have to contend with the fact you have a laptop. This means your only way to backup your data is by floppy or perhaps zip/super drive. Not having Windows will make it that much harder since you'll have do this all via DOS through the command line.
I don't expect you to have one, but there are laptop drive to desktop drive adapters which allow you to remove your hard drive from your laptop and place it as a slave or master in your desktop system. You can buy them on eBay for about $5. If you can successfully take out your hard drive (many laptops make it very easy) and get one of these adapters, then you can install your laptop drive in a desktop and work on it from there. This gives you much more flexibility and would make it much easier to deal with.
Just some suggestions.