The easiest way to find out what you have there is to reinstall Windows. When I do this for customers I usually recommend that we replace the internal spinning hard drive with a much faster, more reliable solid state drive (SSD). My fav. is the Samsung EVO 256GB or the 500GB 2.5" for laptops. Comes with a 5 year warranty and could run up to 5 times faster than the old drive (depending on how old your laptop is). If the laptop is 5 to 6 years old (or newer) then you are going to get good results. If it is older that 6 years, you might want to replace the whole thing anyways. Sometimes these accidents are timely and line up with the need to move up to a new model anyways? Luckily you can get in via Safe Mode and copy any data you want.
In the future: Have a good back up method like Microsoft's Synchtoy 2.1 running in "contribute" mode (that's the only safe way to use it for backup) or a Carbonite subscription (there are others, this is just one I am familiar with). When you have a good backup you won't hesitate to wipe your machine and reinstall Windows. =)