Hello and welcome to Techspot,
That message: "no output device installed" could mean that there's no driver installed for the audio device or it has been disabled, either from windows or the BIOS, I'm not familiar with USB headphones but if you were geting sound with those is weird that there's not sound at all from the Laptop speakers, if you were using en external audio device that connects to your headphones maybe that's why, because you were using a thrid party audio card not exactly the one your Laptop has onboard.
First thing I'll suggest is get the most recent drivers for your Laptop, search the web site from the brand of your Laptop an you'll be able to download the mentioned drivers.
Good Luck and if there's anything else I can help you with let me know.