Ok, perhaps my question was too vague.
The internet is a mesh of servers. There isn't one gigantic centralized server that has everythign available to it. Instead there are millions of individual servers all out there that can serve up information when it is requested.
The closest thing to being centralized is what is called the Root Name Servers. These are 7 servers centralized that have the addresses and directions for every publicly accessible server in the world. As an analogy think of these as a gigantic phone book.
Everything else is a bunch of individual servers setup to serve specific purposes. So lets follow through a simple process like you trying to load technet. This is a fictionalized version for demonstration purposes only.
You turn on your computer and it talks to your home modem/router and gets an IP Address. You load a browser up and ask it to load techspot.com
Your router/modem says "hmm, I don't know where Techspot.com is, let me ask our ISP if they know". Your ISP checks their own DNS Servers and it can't find Techspot.com, so it says to it's own routers/servers/etc "hey, anyone know where Techspot.com is?" and this continues over and over until finally someone says "oh, yes I know, Techspot.com is at 50.22.252.218".
Now the inverse happens and all these machines tell each other the address until it reaches all the way back to your computer's browser who then loads up the address. Once this occurs, you establish a connection through a serious of routers until it hits the server. Techspot's server says "Hey dude! here's the website!" and sends it back.
Viola, you now have "the internet" displayed on your screen. In a very simplified nutshell this is how it works. There isn't one centralized repository instead there's millions of servers that all run around asking each other where things are until they find it and display it to you. This may seem excessive but it creates a very flexible and reliable setup where it's very hard to "lose" part of the internet.
The amazing part, all of this traversing happens in a matter of milliseconds.